напишите 5 вопросов, раскрывающих основное содержание текста:
The Plane makers
There are 2 main things that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as tight as possible. Given a certain power of engine and a certain fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of aircraft, that can be made to fly. Out of that weight as much as possible is wanted for fuel, radio navigational instruments and, of course, for passengers or freight themselves. So the structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as safety and efficiency will allow. The designer must calculate the normal load that each part will bear. This specialist is called the "stress man". The stress man’s calculations go to the designer of the part, and he must make it as strong as the stress man says. One or two samples are always tested to prove that they are as strong as the designer intended. Each separate part is tested, then a whole assembly — for example, a whole wing, and finally the whole airplane. When a new type of airplane is being made normally only one of the first three made will be flown. Two will be destroyed on the ground in structural tests. The third one will be tested in the air. Two kinds of ground strength tests are carried out. The first is to find the resistance to loading of the wings’, tail, etc. until they reach their maximum load and collapse. The other test is for fatigue strength. Small loads are applied thousands of times. Each may be well as a single load, but many repetitions can result in collapse. When a plane has passed all the tests it can get a government certificate of airworthiness without which it cannot fly. Making the working parts reliable is as difficult as making the structure strong enough. The flying controls, the electrical equipment, etc. must not only be light in weight, but must work both at high altitudes where the temperature may be below freezing point and in the hot air in the tropics. To solve all these problems the aircraft industry has a large number of research workers, with elaborate laboratories and test houses. And new materials to give the best strength in relation to weight are constantly being tested.

Создатели самолета  Есть 2 Основные вещи, которые делают авиастроение сложно: нужно сделать каждого компонента как можно более надежными и необходимость строить все как можно плотнее. Учитывая определенную Мощность двигателя и определенного расхода топлива, существует ограничение на общий вес самолета, что может быть сделано, чтобы летать. Из этой массы как можно больше находится в розыске за топливо, радионавигационной аппаратуры и, конечно, для пассажиров или груз сами. Поэтому в конструкции самолета должен быть маленьким и легким, как безопасность и эффективность позволит. Конструктор должен рассчитать нормальную нагрузку, что каждая часть будет нести. Этот специалист называется "стресс-человек". Расчеты напряжений человека идти к дизайнеру части, и он должен сделать это так сильны, как стресс, говорит мужчина. Один или два образца всегда испытания, чтобы доказать, что они не так сильны, как задуманные дизайнером. Каждая отдельная часть тестируется, затем всю сборку — например, целое крыло, и наконец весь самолет. Когда новый тип самолета осуществляется, как правило, только один из первых трех будет летал. Два будут уничтожены на земле в структурных тестов. Третий будет испытан в воздухе. Два вида наземного испытания на прочность проводятся. Первое это найти сопротивление нагрузки на крылья, хвост и т. Д. Пока они не достигают своей максимальной нагрузки и рухнет. Другие испытания на усталостную прочность. Малых нагрузок в тысячи раз. Каждый может быть также одной нагрузки, но много повторений может привести к краху. Когда самолет прошел все испытания, он сможет получить государственный сертификат о летной годности, без которого он не может летать. Изготовление рабочих частей надежна как сделать структура достаточно сильна, трудно. Летающая управления, электрическое оборудование и т. Д. Должен не только быть легким в весе, но должны работать как на больших высотах, где температура может быть ниже точки замерзания, и в горячем воздухе в тропиках. Чтобы решить все эти проблемы авиационной промышленности имеет большое количество научных работников, с тщательно продуманным лаборатории и испытательные центры. И новые материалы, чтобы дать лучшую прочность по отношению к весу постоянно тестируется

16. Переведите текст, напишите 5 вопросов, раскрывающих основное содержание текста: The Plane makers
There are 2 main things that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as tight as possible.
Given a certain power of engine and a certain fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of aircraft, that can be made to fly. Out of that weight as much as possible is wanted for fuel, radio navigational instruments and, of course, for passengers or freight themselves. So the structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as safety and efficiency will allow. The designer must calculate the normal load that each part will bear. This specialist is called the "stress man".
The stress man’s calculations go to the designer of the part, and he must make it as strong as the stress man says. One or two samples are always tested to prove that they are as strong as the designer intended. Each separate part is tested, then a whole assembly — for example, a whole wing, and finally the whole airplane. When a new type of airplane is being made normally only one of the first three made will be flown. Two will be destroyed on the ground in structural tests. The third one will be tested in the air.
Two kinds of ground strength tests are carried out. The first is to find the resistance to loading of the wings’, tail, etc. until they reach their maximum load and collapse. The other test is for fatigue strength. Small loads are applied thousands of times. Each may be well as a single load, but many repetitions can result in collapse.
When a plane has passed all the tests it can get a government certificate of airworthiness without which it cannot fly.
Making the working parts reliable is as difficult as making the structure strong enough. The flying controls, the electrical equipment, etc. must not only be light in weight, but must work both at high altitudes where the temperature may be below freezing point and in the hot air in the tropics.
To solve all these problems the aircraft industry has a large number of research workers, with elaborate laboratories and test houses. And new materials to give the best strength in relation to weight are constantly being tested.

Есть две основные вещи, которые затрудняют инженерную инженерию: необходимо сделать каждый компонент максимально надежным и сделать все максимально строгим.
Учитывая определенную мощность двигателя и определенный расход топлива, существует практический предел общей массы воздушных судов, которые можно заставить летать. Из этого веса, насколько это возможно, требуется топливо, радио навигационные приборы и, конечно же, для пассажиров или грузов. Таким образом, структура самолета должна быть такой же малой и легкой, как позволяет безопасность и эффективность. Дизайнер должен рассчитать нормальную нагрузку, которую несет каждая часть. Этот специалист называют «стрессовым человеком».
Расчеты стресса человека идут к дизайнеру части, и он должен сделать ее такой же сильной, как говорит стресс. Один или два образца всегда проверяются, чтобы доказать, что они столь же сильны, как и предполагалось дизайнером. Каждая отдельная часть тестируется, затем целая сборка - например, целое крыло и, наконец, весь самолет. Когда производится новый тип самолета, будет выполняться только один из первых трех. Два будут разрушены на земле в ходе структурных испытаний. Третий будет испытан в воздухе.
Проводятся два вида испытаний на прочность. Первый заключается в том, чтобы найти сопротивление нагрузке крыльев, хвостов и т. Д. До тех пор, пока они не достигнут максимальной нагрузки и коллапса. Другой тест - для усталостной прочности. Малые грузы применяются тысячи раз. Каждая из них может быть одной и той же нагрузкой, но многие повторения могут привести к краху.
Когда самолет прошел все испытания, он может получить правительственный сертификат летной годности, без которого он не может летать.
Обеспечение надежной работы рабочих деталей так же сложно, как достаточно прочная конструкция. Элементы управления летанием, электрооборудование и т. Д. Должны быть не только легкими, но и должны работать как на больших высотах, где температура может быть ниже точки замерзания, так и в горячем воздухе в тропиках.
Чтобы решить все эти проблемы, в авиационной промышленности работает большое количество научных работников, с тщательно разработанными лабораториями и испытательными домами. И новые материалы для обеспечения максимальной прочности по отношению к весу постоянно проверяются.                  вот

Напишите 5 вопросов разных типов к тексту 1) American Hop Museum is dedicated to the brewing industry and located in the heart of the Yakima Valley’s hop fields, which gather the best harvest for producing beer. It chronicles the American hop industry from the New England colonies to its expansion into California and the Pacific Northwest, and includes historical equipment, photos and artifacts that pay tribute to hop, the everlasting vine that is still an integral part of the brewing industry.
2) The Discover Sea Shipwreck Museum opened its doors in 1995, and has one of the largest collections of shipwreck and recovered artifacts in the Mid-Atlantic. It contains about 10,000 artifacts from local and worldwide locations, including an intact blown-glass hourglass from a 200-year-old shipwreck, which is also the world’s deepest wooden wreck at the heart of the Bermuda Triangle.
3) The Seashore Trolley Museum is the oldest and largest electric railway museum in the world. It was founded in 1939 with one open trolley car, No. 31 from the Biddeford & Saco Railroad Company. The Seashore Trolley Museum contains over 250 transit vehicles, mostly trolleys, from the United States, Canada and abroad. Visitors can even take a trip along the Maine countryside aboard a restored early-1900s electric streetcar.
4) The Money Museum in Colorado Springs is America’s largest museum dedicated to numismatics (the study of collecting coins and metals). The collection contains over 250,000 items from the earliest invention of money to modern day, with items including paper money, coins, tokens, medals, and traditional money from all over the world. Highlights include the 1804 dollar, the 1913 V Nickel, the 1866 no motto series, a comprehensive collection of American gold coins, and experimental pattern coins and paper money.
5) The Kenneth G. Fiske Museum of Musical Instruments in California has one of the most diverse collections of musical instruments in the United States. This museum is home to over 1,400 American, European and ethnic instruments from the 17th–20th centuries. Selections from all parts of the world also include keyboards, brass, woodwind, stringed, percussion, mechanical and electronic instruments. Other highlights are rare pieces from the violin and viola families, reed organs and instruments from the Orient and Tibet.

Специальный: When did the Discover Sea Shipwreck Museum open its doors?
общий: Does the Discover Sea Shipwreck Museum contain about 10,000 artifacts from local and worldwide locations?
к подлежащему: What is the oldest and largest electric railway museum in the world?
разделительный: The Seashore Trolley Museum contains over 250 transit vehicles, doesn’t it?
альтернативный: Was the Seashore Trolley Museum founded in 1939 or in 1959?

Напишите 5 вопросов разных типов к тексту, за ранее спасибо)
1.Chocolate is made from the seeds of the tree Theobroma cacao. The ancient Aztecs used
the beans of the cacao tree as a form of money. The Aztecs discovered that by crushing the beans
into a paste and adding spices, they could make a refreshing and nourishing drink. This drink was
very bitter, not like our chocolate drinks today. 16th century European explorers brought the drink
back from their travels, added sugar, and soon it was popular as an expensive luxury.
2.You can receive a ’sweet tooth’ from your parents. Recent study at New York University
suggests there is a genetic reason why some people prefer sugary foods. The study was based on
two groups of mice. The parents of the first group were given sweetened water and the parents of
the second – unsweetened water. The team found the gene that was different in the two groups of
mice and then looked for similar genetic chains in humans.
3.All modern chocolate products have large amounts of sugar, a fact which may partly
explain why it becomes a sort of drug for some people. An ability to recognize sweet things, and a
tendency to like them was very useful for our forefathers. Such a genetic quality made prehistoric
humans look for energy-rich, healthy and tasty food such as fruit, and helped them avoid bittertasting
poisonous plants.
4.Like other sweet food, chocolate helps endorphins, natural hormones, that gives us the
feelings of pleasure and well-being, to appear in our body. Chocolate also makes us feel good by
reacting with our brains. Scientists say that some people may develop chocoholism - a dependency
on chocolate. So it’s just possible that, with every bar of chocolate, your brain changes step by step
in order to make you love chocolate more and more!
5.Back in the 17th and 18th centuries, many scientific works were written explaining the
advantages of chocolate for medicine, and today it’s a regular food in army rations. Chocolate could
help prevent tooth decay, according to scientists at Japan’s Osaka University. The cocoa beans from
which chocolate is made have an antibacterial agent that fights tooth decay. These parts of the beans
are not usually used in chocolate production, but in future they could be added back in to chocolate
to make it friendly for teeth.
6.Californian scientist Professor Carl Keen and his team have suggested that chocolate
might help fight heart disease. They say that it contains chemicals called flavinoids, which thin the
blood. Researchers at Harvard University have carried out experiments that suggest that if you eat
chocolate three times a month you will live almost a year longer than those who don’t do it. But it’s
not all good news - chocolate has much fat, which means that eating too much of it may lead to
obesity.
7.Being very fat, or obese, is linked to many health problems including heart disease and
diabetes. The causes of obesity are not yet fully understood. Both genes and the environment play a
role. The recent growth of the number of fat people seems to be linked to environmental factors:
people are much less active nowadays, fatty and sugary foods like chocolate are cheap, people eat
larger portions of food, and the calories per person have increased.
1. Общий
2. Специальный
3. К подлежащему
4. Альтернативный
5. Разделительный

1) Общий вопрос:
Was the study based on two groups of mice?
Ответ:
Yes, it was.
2) Специальный вопрос:
What is the chocolate made from?
Ответ:
Chocolate is made from the seeds of the tree Theobroma cacao.
3) Вопрос к подлежащему:
Who used the beans of the cacao tree as a form of money?
Ответ:
Aztecs used the beans of the cacao tree as a form of money.
4) Альтернативный вопрос:
Does chocolate make us feel good by
reacting with our brains or with our hearts?
Ответ:
Chocolate makes us feel good by
reacting with our brains.
5) Разделительный вопрос:
Californian scientist Professor Carl Keen and his team have suggested that chocolate might help fight heart disease, haven’t they?
Ответ:
Yes, they have.

Is chocolate made from the seeds of the tree Theobroma cacao? Общий
How does chocolate make us feel? Специальный
Who has suggested that chocolate might help fight heart disease? Вопрос к подлежащему
Do all modern chocolate products have large or small amounts of sugar? Альтернативный
The causes of obesity are not yet fully understood, are they? Разделительный

Напишите 5 вопросов разных типов к тексту, спасибо за ранее)
1.The first mentioning of coffee goes as far back as the ninth century. At first, coffee
remained largely confined to Ethiopia, where its native beans were first cultivated. But the Arab
world began expanding its trade horizons, and the beans moved into northern Africa and were massproduced.
From there, the beans entered the Indian and European markets, and the popularity of the
beverage spread.
2.While processing, a coffee bean absorbs heat, and the color shifts from green to yellow
and then to varying shades of brown. Depending on the color, the beans are labeled from light to
very dark. Darker beans are generally smoother, because they have less fiber content and the flavor
is more sugary. Lighter beans have more caffeine, which result in a slight bitterness, and a stronger
flavor.
3.Coffee is one of the world’s most widely consumed beverages. People often have it in the
morning, when they feel tired or want to stay awake in the evening. Many office workers take a
coffee break when they have low energy. It happens because coffee contains caffeine, a bitter, white
crystalline chemical that has a vitalizing effect in humans.
4.For the best quality of brewed coffee it is necessary to buy whole beans and grind them
before brewing. If you keep an open package of beans in the freezer it remains fresh for a month.
Ground coffee should be used up within two weeks and also kept in a tightly closed container in the
refrigerator. But an absolutely fresh coffee can be made from green beans that just need to be
roasted first.
5.For occasions when one wants to enjoy the flavor of coffee with almost no stimulation,
decaffeinated coffee is available. It is processed from beans while they are still green by either
soaking beans in hot water or steaming them. Decaffeinated coffee usually loses some flavor over
regular coffee, but it looks the same and can easily mislead inexperienced users by its smell and
even taste.
6.The Adoption of coffee created a unique social atmosphere that depends heavily upon
coffee, espresso in particular. Coffeehouses, the places where people can get together, have
traditionally been used not only for drinking coffee, but also as artistic and intellectual centers. For
examples cafes of Paris which are popular tourist attractions because they are also associated with
artists, intellectuals and writers.
7.A coffee bean is the seed of the coffee plant, which ripens around eight months after the
emergence of the flower, by changing color from green to red, and they should be harvested. In
most countries, the coffee crop is picked by hand. After this coffee beans are wet processed and
then dried. Finally the last layers of dry skin are removed; the beans are sorted by size and density,
roasted and sold to consumers throughout the world
1. Общий
2. Специальный
3. К подлежащему
4. Альтернативный
5. Разделительный

1) Общий вопрос:
Do the first mentioning of coffee go as far back as the ninth century?
2) Специальный вопрос:
When do many office workers take a coffee break?
3) Вопрос к подлежащему:
What is one of the world’s most widely consumed beverages?
4) Альтернативный вопрос:
Is the coffee crop picked in most countries by hand or by leg?
5) Разделительный вопрос:
People often have it in the morning, when they feel tired or want to stay awake in the evening, don’t they?

Did coffee remain largely confined to Ethiopia at first? Общий
Who takes a coffee break when they have low energy? Вопрос к подлежащему
Why are darker beans generally smoother? Специальный
Should ground coffee be used up within two or three weeks? Альтернативный
Depending on the color, the beans are labeled from light to very dark, aren’t they? Разделительный

Напишите отрицательную форму и пять типов вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. The Earth can exist without the sun.
2. Every square meter of our planet’s surface gets about 342 Watts of energy from the sun.
3. The energy provided power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems.

1 

Отрицательная форма

The Earth cannot exist without the sun

Общий вопрос

Can the Earth exist without the sun?

Разделительный вопрос

The Earth can exist without the sun, can’t it?

Специальный вопрос

What can the Earth exist without?

Вопрос к подлежащему

What can exist without the sun?

Альтернативный вопрос

Can the Earth exist without the sun or without the moon?

2 

Отрицательная форма

Every square meter of our planet’s surface doesn’t get about 342 Watts of energy from the sun.

Общий вопрос

Does every square meter of our planet’s surface get about 342 Watts of energy from the sun?

Разделительный вопрос

Every square meter of our planet’s surface gets about 342 Watts of energy from the sun, doesn’t it?

Специальный вопрос

What does every square meter of our planet’s surface get from the sun?

Вопрос к подлежащему

What gets about 342 Watts of energy from the sun?

Альтернативный вопрос

Does every square meter of our planet’s surface get about 342 Watts of energy from the sun or from the stars?

3.

Отрицательная форма

The energy didn’t provide power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems.

Общий вопрос

Did the energy provide power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems?

Разделительный вопрос

The energy provided power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems didn’t it?

Специальный вопрос

What did the energy provide power for?

Вопрос к подлежащему

What provided power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems?

Альтернативный вопрос

Did the energy provide power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems or for the rotation of the turbines?